She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. 90. 23. You can generate a percentage of times you ruminated to the number of successful problem-solving strategies you generated. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. b. modeling. We will explore a few of these factors in this section. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. b. repression. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). d. flight of ideas. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. c. irrational patterns of thinking. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. 69. d. projection. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. c. neurons. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. a. psychoanalysis. Conditioning is when learning occurs. 103. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? 163. 95. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. 111. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. Observational learning. b. secondary prevention. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. d. psychophysical. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. 100. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. Hmm. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? d. indicator of psychological conflict. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. I know my grandmother used to. This approach to learning was called connectionism. 2.3.2.5. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. c. existential 164. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. Bertha (Anna O.) See Figure 2.4 below. 61. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. 113. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. 162. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. Pavlov realized some stimuli automatically elicited responses (such as salivating to meat powder) and other stimuli had to be paired with these automatic associations for the animal or person to respond to it (such as salivating to a bell). Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. c. children who very seldom fight. Neural transmission. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. Its key figures were Abraham Maslow, who proposed the hierarchy of needs, and Carl Rogers, who we will focus on here. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 85. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. a. modeling. a. catharsis. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. b. negative transference. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. A) illogical thinking patterns. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. b. neurotransmitters. 147. b. social factors leading to stress. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. The strategies arise from all three learning models. Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. 153. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. 31. 2.3.1.2. d. existential, 125. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. b. the libido. 83. 121. c. cognitive-behavioral Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. Figure 2.8. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. b. early childhood trauma. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. 91. b. resistance. 144. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. Why? Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? 137. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. 92. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. b. humanistic. c. axons. 158. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. How so? b. psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. The answer is continuous. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. b. anxiety disorders. 122. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). b. superego. None of the models are complete within themselves. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. a. What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? How does the humanistic perspective approach psychopathology? For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. b. unconditional self-regard. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. In Panel A, food makes a dog salivate. 73. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. 64. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. 12. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. 18. So what do we do with this information? The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational).